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Heinrich Wiegand
Johann Heinrich Christoph Wiegand (17 August 1855, Bremen – 29 March 1909, Bad Homburg vor der Höhe) was the general director of the Norddeutscher Lloyd shipping company during a period of great expansion.
==Life and career==
Wiegand's father had come to Bremen from the Upper Weser region and owned a profitable nursery and landscaping business. A teacher persuaded him to allow his son to study at the ''gymnasium'' and then go to university.〔Georg Bessell, ''Norddeutscher Lloyd, 1857–1957: Geschichte einer bremischen Reederei'', Bremen: Schünemann, (), , p. 66 〕 He studied law at the universities of Erlangen, Bonn, Berlin and Strassburg, passed the bar at Lübeck and earned a Doctor of Law degree by examination at Göttingen in 1879, and went into practice as a lawyer in Bremen that same year.〔Paul August Ferdinand Neubaur, ''Der Norddeutsche Lloyd: 50 Jahre der Entwickelung, 1857–1907'' volume 2 Leipzig: Grunow, 1907, , (p. 606 ) 〕〔E. Clayton Wyand, ''A Brief History of the Andrew Putman (Buttman, Putnam) Christian Wyandt (Weyandt, Weygandt, Voint, Wyand) and Adam Snyder Families (Schneider) of Washington County, Maryland'', (Maryland ): Hagerstown Bookbinding and Printing, 1909, , (pp. 77–78 ), quoting Baltimore ''American'', 30 March 1909.〕 He was interested in transport and in 1878 had taken the state examination in Colmar and become a referendary as the first step to a career with the railway.〔 In his first case for Norddeutscher Lloyd in 1884, he demonstrated an excellent mastery of maritime and business law;〔 in 1889 he became the company's general counsel.〔〔〔Bessell, p. 65.〕 Beginning at the end of that decade, he tried repeatedly to persuade businessmen in Bremen to promote industry, which the city lacked. In particular he attempted to make Bremen the base of operations for American development of electric trams in Germany through the Ludwig Loewe company of Berlin.〔Bessell, p. 67.〕〔Arnold Petzet, ''Heinrich Wiegand: ein Lebensbild'', Bremen: v. Halen, 1932, , (p. 15 ) 〕 These efforts having failed, he was on the point of moving to Berlin〔 when Johann Georg Lohmann died suddenly on 9 February 1892 and he was chosen to succeed him as director of Norddeutscher Lloyd from 1 April 1892.〔〔Fritz Berolzheimer, ''Deutschland von heute: Kulturgemälde der deutschen Gegenwart'', 2nd ed. Berlin/Leipzig: Rothschild, 1910, , (p. 37 ) 〕 Initially two vice presidents were to assist him; after two years both had retired and until his own death in 1909, he worked with Geo Plate, the head of the board of directors and the man who had proposed his name.〔〔 In 1899 his title became general director〔 and Plate's, president.〔
In 1905, Wiegand was offered the position of State Secretary for the Colonies, but refused it;〔 Chancellor von Bülow considered having Kaiser Wilhelm II order him to accept.〔Katharine Anne Lerman, ''The Chancellor as Courtier: Bernhard von Bülow and the Governance of Germany, 1900–1909'', Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University, 1990, repr. 2002, ISBN 978-0-521-38155-0, (p. 136 ).〕
He died of kidney disease at a spa at the age of 53.〔Bessell, p. 100.〕〔("HEINRICH WIEGAND DEAD.; General Director of North German Lloyd Dies in Homburg Sanitarium" ), ''New York Times'' 30 March 1909, p. 1.〕
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